ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The deleterious effects of air pollution on various health outcomes have been demonstrated. However, few studies have examined the effects of air pollution on liver enzyme levels. METHODS: Blood samples were drawn up to three times between 2008 and 2010 from 545 elderly individuals who regularly visited a community welfare center in Seoul, Korea. Data regarding ambient air pollutants (particulate matter < or =2.5 mum [PM2.5], nitrogen dioxide [NO2], ozone [O3], carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide) from monitoring stations were used to estimate air pollution exposure. The effects of the air pollutants on the concentrations of three liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase [gamma-GTP)]) were evaluated using generalized additive and linear mixed models. RESULTS: Interquartile range increases in the concentrations of the pollutants showed significant associations of PM2.5 with AST (3.0% increase, p=0.0052), ALT (3.2% increase, p=0.0313), and gamma-GTP (5.0% increase, p=0.0051) levels; NO2 with AST (3.5% increase, p=0.0060) and ALT (3.8% increase, p=0.0179) levels; and O3 with gamma-GTP (5.3% increase, p=0.0324) levels. Significant modification of these effects by exercise and alcohol consumption was found (p for interaction <0.05). The effects of air pollutants were greater in non-exercisers and heavy drinkers. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term exposure to air pollutants such as PM2.5, NO2, and O3 is associated with increased liver enzyme levels in the elderly. These adverse effects can be reduced by exercising regularly and abstinence from alcohol.
Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Air Pollutants/analysis , Alanine Transaminase/blood , Alcohol Drinking , Aspartate Aminotransferases/blood , Environmental Exposure , Exercise , Linear Models , Liver/drug effects , Nitrogen Dioxide/chemistry , Ozone/chemistry , Particulate Matter/analysis , Sulfur Dioxide/chemistry , gamma-Glutamyltransferase/bloodABSTRACT
Los procesos avanzados para la remoción de nitrógeno están íntimamente relacionados con los metabolismos de las comunidades microbianas que intervienen en las transformaciones del mismo. Para el diseño, la optimización o el mejoramiento de los sistemas de tratamiento de aguas residuales domésticas, el ingeniero y el microbiólogo en forma conjunta, han logrado configurar reactores terciarios adecuados para el desenvolvimiento de estas comunidades, obteniendo altas eficiencias de remoción de los nutrientes. Este artículo presenta una revisión sobre la actividad bacteriana y su aplicación en los sistemas de tratamiento, inicia conceptualizando la influencia de los microorganismos y de la actividad humana en el ciclo global del nitrógeno, para después hacer un análisis de los procesos particulares en los cuales los microorganismos intervienen. Se clasifican e incluyen nuevas evidencias de metabolismos relacionados, y se describen como ejemplos algunos de los procesos de tratamiento terciario para aguas residuales desarrollados con éxito en las últimas décadas.
Advanced processes for nitrogen removal are intimately related to the microbial community metabolisms that take part in the transformations. For the design, optimization or improvement of domestic waste water treatment systems, engineers and microbiologists working together, have managed to implemented suitable tertiary reactors for the development of these communities, improving the efficiency of nutrient removal. This article presents a revision of the bacterial activity and its application in treatment systems. The article begins by giving an explanation about the influence of microorganism and human activity on the global nitrogen cycle. Then, it analyzes the particular processes in which the microorganisms take part. New evidence of related metabolisms are classified and included. Some of the processes of wastewater tertiary treatment, successfully developed over the last decades, are described as examples.